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Austroasiatic Chu Nom

 ๐ชต ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„, ๐กณ› ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŽ, ๐จ„ด ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—, ไฃทไฃท ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ‰, ๐จซˆ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ„ ่›ญ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚(๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰), ๆ‹ฎ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃŽ ้ตถ ๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„  ๐ฉ„Ž๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ ๐ช–ซ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ, ๐ ฌ  ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘, ็œœ ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‘, ๐ฉ„ฒ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš, ๐ฃˆœ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‚, ๐ ปผ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃƒ, ๐ฅ™ฉ ๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ‚, ๅ”ฟ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ‘,  ๐ฉ™ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ‰, ๆ› ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ–, ๆ’ฃ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ, ๆŠŒ ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ–, ๆญ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—, ๐ฉ™ป ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ, ๐ฆŠš ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ˜๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“,  ๐ฉตœ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ(๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰),  ่ทฟ ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ, ่นŽ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ๐‘ฃ‹๐‘ฃ, ๐ช€„ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ–, ๐ค‡ช ๐‘ฃ†๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃ“, ๐ซ‡ณ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ–๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃœ, ๐กฅต ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ“, ๐ฆ™ถ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‰(๐‘ฃ’๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃ„), ๆธƒ ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ„, ๅ–‚ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃš๐‘ฃ, ๐ฆž ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ‰๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ,  ๐ฃ‘ถ ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃˆ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ‘, ๐ง‹† ๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‰(๐‘ฃŒ๐‘ฃ‰), ๐งค ๐‘ฃ”๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃœ๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃŠ, ่ž“ ๐‘ฃ•๐‘ฃƒ๐‘ฃ“๐‘ฃ‚๐‘ฃš, ็€ธ ๐‘ฃž๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ, ๐ขฑจ ๐‘ฃ‡๐‘ฃ, ๐ฉฉซ ๐‘ฃŽ๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃŠ, ๅธ ๐‘ฃ™๐‘ฃ๐‘ฃ—.

The Affixes Deserve Recognition

 Ever since I learnt that there are more affixes in Munda languages than a-, -n-, and -p-, I have been saddened by the fact that they have fallen out of common usage. Munda morphology has stagnated. Most speakers would be unaware of affixes like -r-, -t-, -m-, s-, r-, k- etc. What can be done to ensure the survival of these affixes? I am of the opinion that these affixes need to be integral part of orthography. I believe these will become more visible and productive if they have their own letters. Therefore, I have come up with some letters that can represent these affixes. The first infix is -n-, the shape of the infix is derived from bana:, a hook. Infix -p- is derived from tii sapab, to hold one another. Infix -t- is derived from mutul kuntu. Infix -m- is derived from lama: sakam. Infix -r- is derived from sakowa orong. Since Warang Chiti has two letters for the sound /s/, I think the second 's' can be used as the prefix s-. Infix -m- and -r- can also be used as prefixes.

Can we use Chinese script to write Ho?

This is certainly a strange question. There's no way tribal languages of Jharkhand can be related to Chinese script. While it is true that the Chinese language and script does not have direct links to the languages of Jharkhand, there are certain facts about the Munda languages that can be linked to Chinese characters. The Munda languages, which includes Santali, Ho and Mundari are a closely related group of languages that belong to the Austroasiatic family of languages. This language family also includes the languages like Khasi of Meghalaya, Khmer and Vietnamese among others. Since the Munda languages split from other Austroasiatic languages of Southeast Asia a very long time back, there is no historical memory among the Munda speakers about those communities. However, there are some words that are still found to be common in most Austroasiatic languages, for example, the word for child, is  แž€ូแž“  /koun/ in Khmer, con / kษ”n/ in Vietnamese, and เคนोเคจ् in Munda languages (this is beca

(Unorganised flow of thoughts regarding) Scripts

All major Munda languages of Jharkhand now each has its own script. It all started with Raghunath Murmu creating Ol Chiki for Santali, then came Lako Bodra's Warang Chiti for Ho, Ruidas Nag's Mundari Bani for Mundari, now Bhumij language also has a script called Ol Onol. I recently learnt that a smaller branch of Mundas who now reside in West Bengal, called the Kodas, too have developed a script called Nag Chiki. It seems to me that invention of scripts has become a hobby of the Munda people, not to mention the numerous scripts devised for Santali and Ho before they were rejected in favor of the currently used scripts. A common characteristic of these scripts is that they are alphabetic, except for Warang Chiti which functions as an alphasyllabary in some cases. Each of these scripts have some or the other deficiencies when employed to write Munda languages. As Abhishek Bilkan Aind has pointed out, alphabetic scripts like Ol Chiki and Mundari Bani are not perfect systems for w